时间:2022-05-06 18:58:11
导言:作为写作爱好者,不可错过为您精心挑选的10篇英文毕业论文,它们将为您的写作提供全新的视角,我们衷心期待您的阅读,并希望这些内容能为您提供灵感和参考。
毕业论文和学位论文通常是有一定长度并有文献资料佐证的学术研究论文,专门对科学领域中的某些问题或现象进行探讨研究,具有科学性和创见性。毕业论文的完成是学生在掌握本专业要求的全部知识、理论和技能的基础上进行综合运用,独立地、创造性地解决理论和实际问题的一项活动,是学生从事独立科研工作的起点,也是展示自己专业水平和科研能力的一次机会。更重要的是,毕业论文写作的优劣是决定学生毕业时可否被授予学士学位的重要依据。因此,毕业论文的写作应当受到高度重视。然而,目前的本科毕业论文质量令人担忧,曾有文章比之为“鸡肋”,意为“弃之可惜,食之无味”。就英语专业毕业论文而言,情况则更应引起重视。
一、论文现状根据教学进度的要求,英语专业的学生在第八学期开学伊始就要准备论文开题报告,从而进入实质性的论文写作过程。下面是在各个环节出现的问题。
1.选题草率,研究方向不确定。学生在选题时不够慎重,没有经过严肃的思考,有的同学仅凭一时兴起就定下题目,如《论佛教在中国的发展》。且不说这个题目大小,其内容本身就已超出专业范围,用英文撰写对本科生也实属力所难逮。还有的同学选题为‘OnReading’,研究方向不确定,泛泛而谈,不知侧重在哪里。虽然从表面上看,有些情况属于个案,但事实上,近几年,题目难以确定的现象越来越多,有的已经导师认可的题目,学生在进行下一步工作之前又有较大改变,甚至改变研究方向。
2.资料收集仓促,时而迷失方向。论文中表达的观点和论点一般是以资料研究为基础的,如果仅凭一两本或几篇文章,就想从中得出令人信服的结论是不可能的,即使得出结论,也没有多大说服力,因为资料太少,不足为证。然而,学生收集资料缺乏系统性,觉得不够用了则难以继续,转而换题,资料跟着题目变,仓促之间,迷失方向不知所措。
3.论文撰写问题重重。撰写论文要对收集到的资料进行阅读、做笔记、研究和整理之后,用自己的语言将其串联起来,说明论点、摆出论据、完成论证。如果只是把收集到的资料堆积在一起,东一段、西一段地拼凑下来,不能称其为论文。而大部分学生恰恰是以堆积为主,自己陈述为辅,论点跟着论据走,缺乏一致性,连贯性和逻辑性。另外,从论文整体的文字上看,资料部分用词专业、准确,句子相对复杂,而学生自己的陈述则语法错误频频出现,句子简单并口语化。
二、现状的成因
1.形势与应试的导向。近几年的扩招使学生数量有所上升,而教师的数量不但基本上没有上升,还有不少人投入国内外的进修学习而不能担任课程。由于课程负担过重,使教师不堪重负而有意无意地忽视了写作课实践环节以及批阅后的反馈。全国统一安排的英语专业四、八级考试合格证已成为评定英语专业水平的重要砝码,在社会和校方的大力关注下,学生认识到四级考试决定毕业证,八级考试关系到找工作,写作课教师也希望学生在写作项目考试中得高分。于是,大部分时间都围绕四、八级考试进行。学生熟悉了框架形式、套路,只注意与过级考试相关的写作形式与技巧,不善于观察生活和知识积累,因此也就谈不上运用所学的知识表达思想、分析问题和解决问题了。
2.写作教材的适用性。我国大学英语专业的写作教学一直缺少一套较为完整,由浅及深,循序渐进,适合现实各个阶段教学需要的教材。基础英语写作教材的范例虽多,但语言过于浅显,有些内容较贴近生活,但实用性和趣味性还有待提高;课后练习多为围绕四、八级考试出题,学生“见多了”正式考题,对此类写作练习,缺乏动力,且练习都未附参考答案,使师生课后没有参阅的标准;毕业论文一章,在二年级开始讲授,引不起学生的共鸣,一来是学生忙于考级,论文不是重点,二来时间尚早,缺乏一个过渡期,无法形成理性认识。
3.学生基本功较差又缺乏实践。学生习惯于让老师灌输词汇句型,不愿意动脑筋积极思考,写出来的东西用词不贴切,语法不规范,行文不顺畅,缺乏逻辑性、无条理。众所周知,写作不仅在于语言文字的组织,更多的功夫在于知识积累和文化素质,这方面的提高对于学生更为重要。然而,待学生忙完了四、八级考试转入论文写作的时候,才发现自己没有做好这方面的准备,无论是题目、提纲还是摘要、引言、参考文献,从形式到内容脑子里一片空白。虽说在之前的写作课上,这些内容都讲过,但当时不是学习重点,而且没有亲自实践过程,学生不知所措,无从下手。
三、英文写作课的定位
1.专时专用,突出目标。将四、八级考试及毕业论文写作分阶段进行,形成层次。在基础英语写作阶段,集中实现两个公认的目标:提高英语写作能力和顺利通过四、八级考试。将教材中传统的写作技巧中的精华部分及增加的课外内容边讲授边加入写作实践,从而更加强调写作的动态过程和学习者创造性的发挥。毕业论文指导要作为一门课程开设,专门讲授学术论文的研究方法,这样不仅为学生的四年学业成就提供展示的机会,而且为将来的学习和工作打下良好的基础。
2.注重实际,精讲多练。有效克服教材的不足,从实际出发,为我所用,可适当放弃一些高深的章节,并增加一些循序渐进的内容,保证稳步提高。针对学生存在的诸多问题,在讲授词汇、语法、句法方面多做有益的练习,尽量找生动、学生易犯的大量的中式英语的例子,使学生在谈笑间能将其错误牢记在心。而大量的练习能给学生留下长久的印象。这样既提高了四、八级成绩,又有助于学生写作能力的提高,更重要的是提升了跨文化交际意识。
3.发动学生,互帮互进。由于教师的精力有限,可适时适量地发动学生互评作业,学生自己能够解决的问题自己解决。同学间同级互评能帮助学生增强读者意识,降低写作焦虑,弥补自己写作中的不足。首先,互评可增加其词汇量,正反两方面的评价有益于所有学生作文水平的提高。其次,学生能够通过讨论互评首先成为一个头脑敏锐、丰富的读者、听众,然后成为一个思路清晰、能写出好文章的作者。
这样,教师不再是作为唯一的“读者”去评判学生的作品。全班同学在教师的帮助下,发现问题并能表达出问题的所在。最终学生对评判自己的作品的内容的表达方面也更加敏锐,并能更好地修正自己的作品,学生会很快地从评判活动中看到益处,也会把大家对自己作品的评价作为提高文章水平的重要的参考资料。其实,这不仅解决了日常教学中的问题,而且培养了学生严谨治学的良好习惯。总而言之,对英语专业毕业论文反映出来的问题要认真研究,其中英文写作课的教学任务极为关键,通过调查研究与实践相结合,不断探索,希望能够提高学生的论文本论文由无忧论文由写作能力。
参考文献:
3.论文如有问题或已在公开期刊上发表,请在篇首页地脚处注明.
4.摘要英文摘要一般为150-180个实词,中文摘要一般在300字以内,中英文摘要应基本一致.其内容应包括研究目的,方法,结果,结论等,禁用"本文","作者","Thispaper"等作主语.详见"科技期刊文章摘要的写作要求".
5.关键词每篇文章可选3~8个能反映文章主要内容的单词,词组或术语.英文关键词应与中文关键词相对应.
6.中图分类号请查《中国图书馆分类法》.
7.正文正文篇幅一般希望控制在成书5页(记空格,图表占位)以内.内容力求有创新,论证严谨,语句通顺,文字精炼.
8.文中正体,斜体,黑体字符的用法:
⑴斜体.变量名称用斜体单字母表示;下标若是由变量转化来的则用斜体;坐标轴(如x,y)和变量(如i,j)用斜体.
⑵正体.下标由文字转化来的说明性字符用正体;单位,词头用正体,如nm,pF等;几个特殊常量用正体,如e,i,π等.
⑶黑体.矩阵,矢量名称用黑体表示.
9.图形要求
图中所有线条,文字必须用黑色绘制;用线形或标识符区分;不得有背景;
图中线条须清晰,均匀,刻度线向内侧画,并且间隔应均匀;
图中坐标线粗0.5磅,曲线宽度为坐标线宽度的3倍;
10.表格要求表格采用三线表,表头中使用物理量符号/单位,如下例:
x/cm
I/mA
v/(m·s-1)
h/m
p/MPa
10
30
2.5
4
110
11.参考文献来稿引用他人观点与材料,须将参考文献按正文中出现的先后次序列于文后,文中须在引用处右上角加注"[序号]".中文参考文献必须列出相应的英文,并在后面加注"(inChinese)".引文作者姓名均为姓前名后,最多标3名,余下用"etal."代表.
著录格式为:(按不同析出物分类说明)
[连续出版物]主要作者.题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.
[专著]主要作者.书名[M].出版地(城市名):出版者,出版年.起止页码.
[译著]主要作者.书名[M].译者.出版地(城市名):出版者,出版年.起止页码.
[论文集]主要作者.题名[A].编者.论文集名[C].出版地(城市名):出版者,出版年.起止页码.
[会议论文]主要作者.题名[Z].会议名称,会议召开地(城市名),召开年.
[学位论文]作者.题名[D].所在城市:保存单位,年份.
[研究报告]主要作者.题名[R].报告代码及编号(或:保存地点:责任单位),年份.
[报纸]作者名.文章名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).
[电子文献]作者.题名[EB/OL].………,发表或更新日期/引用日期.
[专利]申请者.专利名[P].专利国名:专利号,日期.
[技术标准]技术标准代号,技术标准名称[S].
投稿模拟样本
NewImagingSpectrometricMethodforRotaryObject
CHUNYu1,DONGXiao-xue2
DepartmentofElectronicEngineering,SchoolofInformationScience
andTechnology,BeijingInstituteofTechnology,Beijing100081,
China;2.SchoolofMechatronicEngineering,Beijing
InstituteofTechnology,Beijing100081,China)
Abstract:Anewtechniqueforimagingspectrometerforrotaryobjectbasedon
computed-tomographyisproposed.Adiscretemodelofthisimagingspectrometric
systemisestablished,whichisaccordanttoactualmeasurementsandconvenient
forcomputation.Incomputersimulationswiththismethod,projectionsofthe
objectaredetectedbyCCDwhiletheobjectisrotating,andtheoriginalspectral
imagesarenumericallyreconstructedfromthembyusingthealgorithmof
computed-tomography.Simulationresultsindicatethattheprincipleofthemethod
iscorrectanditperformswellforbothbroadbandandnarrow-bandspectral
objects.
Keywords:aerodynamiccharacteristics;stealthcharacteristics;numericalcalculation;polarization
CLCnumber:TP374.2
引言(不编入章节号)
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(1)
该论文为论文,不宜公开张贴或发表
该论文已公开发表
BiographyCHUNYu(1963—),professor,Ph.D.,abcd@.
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n
f0/MHz
R/Ω
VSWR
BW/%
L/cm
line
955
36.4
1.36
15.4
7.0
804
30.7
1.56
22.0
7.0
1
750
27.8
1.73
17.3
8.6
2
706
23.6
2.0
12.7
10.2
3
670
21.6
2.17
9.4
11.8
4
642
20.1
2.37
6.38
13.4
References:
SchlkopfB,BurgesCJC,SmolaAJ.Advancesinkernelmethods–Supportvectorlearning[M].Cambridge,MA:MITPress,1999.
HearstMA,SchlkopfB,DumaisS,etal.Trendsandcontroversies–Supportvectormachines[J].IEEEIntelligentSystems,1998,13(4):18-28.
EricC.Hacker''''sattackanalyzeanddefense[M].SuLeitransl.Beijing:PublishingHouseofElectronicsIndustry,2002.
BurgesCJC.Geometryandinvarianceinkernelbasedmethods[A].BurgesC,SmolaA.AdvanceinKernelMethods—SupportVectorLearning[C].Cambridge,MA:MITPress,1999.
CunLY,JackelLD,BottouL,parisonoflearningalgorithmsforhandwrittendigitrecognition[Z].ICANN''''95,Nanterre,France,1995.
ChangCC,LinCJ.LIBSVM:Alibraryforsupportvectormachines[EB/OL].csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm,2001-06-19/2002-03-10.
SwansonRS,MusaS.Theestimationofobstacleandterrainclobberprobabilities[R].AIAA75-1118,1975.
YoungS,KershawD,OdellJ,etal.TheHTKBook(version3.0)[R].Cambridge:UniversityofCambridgePress,2000.
GJB736.8-90,Methodofinitiatingexplosivedevicetest,acceleratedlifetest,methodofthetestat71℃[S].(inChinese)
WhiteSA.Trackingfilterandquadrature-phasereferencegenerator[P].USP:5491725,1996-01-13.
JiaYubin.Astudyonmicroquartzangularratesensor[D].Beijing:DepartmentofOpticalEngineering,BeijingInstituteofTechnology,1999.(inChinese)
Fig.1Thedualmeanderlinemonopoleantenna
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Fig.2Flowchartofsimulationforstandingstartaccelerationprocess
end
establishingmodel
check
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importingdata
calculating
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1.0 前言
近15年,体裁(genre)和体裁分析(genre analysis)成为第一语言和第二语言教学领域里的热门话题(Hyon 1996)。我国不少专家、学者都试图把这种理论应用在具有特定交际目的的篇章上,如分析农业英语论文摘要(易兴霞,2006),分析应用语言学领域学术文章的宏观和微观结构(杨瑞英,2006)毕业论文模板,分析商务促销类语篇(王宏俐, 郭继荣,2006)等。本文拟从Bhatia的英文促销信的体裁分析模式入手,分析主要交际目的为说服潜在客户购买商家所提供的产品或接受其服务的英文促销信的表现形式,图式结构和特殊信息,并通过分析语义的文化预设和搭配意义,加深对促销信的语言表面特征的认识。
2.0理论依据
2.1体裁
语言学中的体裁(genre)不同于文学中的体裁。Swales (1990: 45-58) 认为体裁是在特定社会文化背景下对人类交际事件进行分类的结果。所谓交际事件就是人们按照特定目的和特定程式运用语言在社会中办事的实例。新加坡的Bhatia (1993:13-16)在 Swales的体裁理论基础上做了进一步的完善, 认为:1)体裁是一种可辨认的交际事件;2)体裁不是一般的交际事件 ,而是一种内部结构特征鲜明,高度约定俗成的交际事件;3)在建构语篇时 ,必须遵循某种特定体裁所要求的惯例;4)尽管体裁有其惯例和制约性, 内行人仍可在体裁规定内传达个人意图和交际目的。因此交际目的往往决定应该使用哪种体裁,而体裁的常规性又维我们提供了可以遵循的体裁结构潜势。
2.2体裁分析
体裁分析是20 世纪90 年代由Swales (1990)和Bhatia (1993)发展起来的一种分析方法。他们认为任何体裁都是由一系列的语轮构成,语步(move)和步骤( step)是语篇分析的出发点论文开题报告范文。Swales的层次动向法(move approach)常用在具体的体裁分析中,即根据不同的交际目的,对某一语篇按照意义与功能划出层次,然后再根据层次来考察分析语言的表达形式。Swales 没有对语步和步骤提出明确的定义,但Nwogu (1997)认为语步是一个由一系列词汇,主题意义和修辞特征所标明的具有统一意义倾向的语篇片断,步骤是实现语步的可供选择的修辞策略,一个语步可以由一个或多个步骤来实现。例如毕业论文模板,Bhatia (1993:62)根据体裁“ 语步 (moves) 和步骤( steps)”分析理论,将推销体裁概括成七个 “语步” (move) :1. Establishing credentials (确立资格证明) ; 2. Introducing the offer (介绍推销内容):⑴offering the product orservice (介绍产品或服务) ,⑵ Essential detailing of the offer (介绍推销内容的重要细节) , ⑶Indicating value of the offer (指明推销内容的价值) ; 3. Offering incentives (激励购买) ; 4.Enclosing documents (附寄文件) ; 5. Soliciting response(请求回复) ; 6. Using pressure tactics (采用压力策略) ; 7. Ending politely (礼貌收尾)。在以上七个“语步” 中 ,第二语步 Introducing the offer 又是由三个步骤(step)组成的。
体裁分析模式为语篇研究提供了新的考察视角与方式。使用体裁和体裁分析理论对某个特定语篇进行分析,是对语篇宏观结构和微观结构分析的有机结合,既注重语篇结构的宏观结构和认知结构,也注重特定的体裁结构在词汇和语法层面的特定表现。
3.0体裁分析在英文促销信中的应用
3.1促销信的体裁界定
促销信是商务英语中常见的一种语篇,它是以书信的格式由促销人员向顾客传递商品或服务的存在及其性能、特征等信息,帮助顾客认识商品或服务所带来的利益,从而达到引起顾客的注意和兴趣、唤起需求、采取购买行为的目的。因此它的本质是销售者和消费者之间的信息沟通,主要交际目的就是通过向消费者的宣传、诱导和提示,促进消费者产生购买动机,影响消费者的购买行为,实现产品由生产领域向消费领域的转移。这样的交际目的决定收信人和写信人通常为并不熟悉的双方,因此语言上谦虚有礼、简洁明晰是必不可少的。
3.2 促销信的内在宏观结构
一封成功的促销信在内在结构上 ,基本遵循Bhatia 的七个 “语步”的模式 ,通过吸引客户的注意、向客户详细介绍所推销的产品或服务并索求回复等语篇片断来实现说服潜在客户购买所推销产品或服务的交际目的。下面我们从Bhatia的英文促销信的体裁分析模式入手毕业论文模板,来具体讨论促销信的层次动向。。
Dear customer,
⑴Theunion bakers would like to announce a great offer this Valentine day. Every two kg cakeyou buy you get raffle ticket which allows you to enter into a draw which willgive you a chance to win a dinner for two at a three star hotel. You can have awonderful dinner with your loved one on the eve of Valentine’s Day.
⑵ Thebakers will arrange for the pickup and drop to the venue and you can enjoy thedinner along with the dance party at the three star hotels.
⑶Don’tyou think it will be fun to take your girlfriend or boyfriend out for dinner ona valentine’s day and make the day a special one? Imagine all that fun you havewith your loved one with tasty cuisine and exciting and thrilling dance party.To top it all you can meet famous singer and dancer who is the guest of honorthat day.
⑷Visitany of our outlets to get more information. Hurry and buy a wonderful tastycake for your loved one.
⑸Sincethe offer is valid till (time how long).please act now.
⑹Sincerely,
这封促销信由五段组成,第一段的第一句是第一个语步: Establishing credentials (确立资格证明),通过提及在情人节要提供的一项服务来吸引顾客的注意力;第一段的第二句到第三段是第二个语步:Introducing the offer (介绍推销内容)。第二个语步由三个步骤组成:⑴offering the product or service (介绍产品或服务) ,⑵ Essentialdetailing of the offer (介绍推销内容的重要细节) , ⑶Indicating value of the offer (指明推销内容的价值) 。第一段的第二句是第一个步骤,主要介绍了即将推出的服务——每买两公斤蛋糕就能抽签,就有机会赢得在三星级宾馆的两人晚宴;第一段的第三句和第二段是第二个步骤,详细介绍推销服务的细节——情人节前夕在三星级宾馆和挚爱共进晚餐、共舞;第三段是第三个步骤,主要指出推销服务的精神价值——使情人节过得特别,并能遇到明星。第二个语步是促销信最为重要的部分,决定能否帮助顾客认识商品或服务所带来的利益,从而达到引起顾客的注意和兴趣、唤起需求、最终采取购买行为的目的。第四段是第三、四个语步:Offering incentives (激励购买)和Soliciting response(请求回复)。第四段第一句是请求顾客做出回复——到销售点寻求更多信息;第二句是鼓励有购买倾向的顾客下定决心。第五段是第五个语步:Using pressure tactics (采用压力策略),Sincerely和签名是第六个语步:Ending politely (礼貌收尾),作为传统信件独特的结尾方式,这一语步在促销信中也很常见。
与Bhatia的七个语步模式略有不同的是:这封促销信并没有Enclosing documents (附寄文件)这一语步;而且Offeringincentives (激励购 买)和Soliciting response(请求回复)的顺序也有所不同。王宏俐, 郭继荣(2006)认为,在语篇构建中常使用的语步是核心语步毕业论文模板,不太出现的辅语步是外围语步,在促销信中,第一、二、四语步是核心语步,由于Enclosing documents (附寄文件)这一语步是外围语步,销售者可根据情况决定是否使用;至于语步顺序,尽管促销信是专门用途英语里的一种,有其惯例和制约性,但我们仍可在体裁规定内传达个人意图和交际目的论文开题报告范文。
3.3 促销信的文化预设和搭配意义
这实际是一封是以西方文化为背景的抽奖促销信。促销信的最主要部分——第二语步也是以这个文化预设为先决条件的。销售者想要促销的商品是蛋糕,但在促销信里,抽奖有可能赢得情人节的晚餐却是描述的重点,这主要是商家抓住了顾客消费过程中的侥幸获大利心理——以抽奖赢得与挚爱在情人节共进免费晚餐的机会,设置中奖机会,利用抽奖的形式毕业论文模板,来吸引消费者购买商品蛋糕。令人心动的抽奖活动成功地把顾客的注意力指向拉到了本应大力宣传的产品——蛋糕上面。如果收信人不了解这个文化预设,就不容易达到促销信的交际目的。
Leech(1981:17)认为:搭配意义是指一个词与另一个词连用搭配时使得该词的意义随语境而发生的变化。因此促销信在词的搭配上非常注意。促销信使用的形容词大多是描述性和评价性的,多为褒义词,例如:great, wonderful, special, tasty, exciting, thrilling, famous,wonderful, 这些形容词为收信人勾勒出一幅浪漫、激情、美味的晚餐情景。尽管这是一封书信,但口语词汇多余书面语词汇,浅显易懂、简洁明晰。销售者为了推销商品或者服务,常常直接使用反问疑问句和祈使句,增强引导功能,说服或敦促收信人采取购买行动。
3.4 总结
体裁分析超越了对语篇语言特征的简单描述,力求解释语篇的理据, 探讨语篇结构背后的社会文化因素和心理认知因素, 揭示实现交际背景的特殊方式和语篇结构的规范性。促销信具是专门用途英语的一种,把促销信这一体裁语篇看作是一个有规律的有结构的层次动向的组合的思想, 有助于我们更好地理解这种信函体裁,写出目的明确、结构清晰、用词准确的促销信。
参考文献:
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2.易兴霞.体裁分析与农业英语论文摘要[J]. 西安外国语学院学报,2006(9):28-31.
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2.1 Current situation of company website translation 2
2.2 Samples of famous foreign company website 3
2.3 Features of company website translation 4
3. The skopos theory and company website translation 6
3.1 Introduction of Skopos theory 6
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos 8
3.2.1 Functional translation errors 8
3.2.2 Liguistic translation errors 9
3.2.3 Cultural translation errors 10
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province 13
4.1 Functional translation errors 13
4.1.1 Problem of length 13
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern 15
4.2 Liguistic translation errors 16
4.2.1 Spelling errors 16
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation 17
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation 17
4.2.4 Illogical arrangment 18
4.3 Cultural translation errors 19
5. Conclusion 20
Acknowledgements 21
References 22
1.Introduction
Thanks to the ongoing economic reform and opening-up and the irresistible trend of globalization, China’s communication with the world has been intensified in recent years. Though almost every company which deal with the foreign trade owns his English version website, the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company website is far from satisfactory that leave a lot of work to do. For the present, most of the work are based on the rule of skopos theory which we will investigate later.
And with the popularity and applications of the Internet, the company website plays an increasing important role in foreign exchange, outreach, and the absorb foreign capital[2]. Although nowadays most domestic enterprises have set up their own websites and e-commerce platform, many export-oriented enterprises is established in English, the site has become a propaganda of the enterprise, an effective channel to promote company products. However, there is no difficulty in finding errors comparing the domestic foreign trade company website to the foreign company website. Some mistakes are even too much to bear. In recent years, there appears a large number of discussion on website translation, start from Skopos basis direction, and have a lot of research fruits on the problem of company website mistranslation. But for the relatively small corporate company website translation, it had not been given sufficient attention and standardized management, error-prone web site translation directly affect a company’s image.
2. Current situation and features of company website translation
In the world today, global and regional cooperation is in full swing and countries are increasingly interdependent. Company website provide a quick and convenient access to the general understanding of what a Chinese company is like, thus serving as bridges that enable business people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds to have a better understanding of each other. In fact, as a specialized and important area of translation, the translation of company profiles has its own features and particular communicative functions which deserve an in-depth and systematic study.
2.1 Current situation of company website translation
Foreign propaganda in the business text, Chinese text use more modifiers which using rhyme, parallelism, words with other parties type the text in order to increase the beauty, attract potential customers and clients. Many translators often find it difficult, even if be translated, also bite the bullet and let the readers of English-speaking find it difficult to understand. Company’s publicity text translation is accurate for the purpose of translation about business, product-related information. So prominent is the informational translation, first principle focus on the information, and others such as style, rhetoric and so on is secondary to bit. If translate directly, the text will cause a pile, information duplication, not meet the English language of expression. On the basis of Skopos principles, the translator should cut the original text appropriately in order for information receiver better understanding the text.
Different from other text types, a company profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
However, many translators in this field tend to neglect the translation purpose of company profiles. As a result, linguistic and cultural problems still exist and obstruct the achievement of the Skopos of company profiles. Enlightened by the functionalist approach, the thesis also conducts a comprehensive survey as to the readability and acceptability of the target text[6]. It is found that foreign people do not respond positively to the English translation of Chinese company profiles. These problems or errors adversely affect the quality of translation. Primarily under the guidance of the functionalist skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analyzing authentic examples, the study also justifies someappropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other public materials.
2.2 Samples of famous foreign website
There are a lot of famous company on the list of top 500 in the world, after searching for their company, not difficult in finding a lot of features in common about their web page design. The followings are classic samples.
Example[1]: In 1886, Coca-Cola® brought refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Company's goal is to provide magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 400 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the remotest comers of the globe, you can still find Coca-Cola.
Coca-Cola is committed to local markets, paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches.
(heritage.coca-cola.com/)
Example[2]: Software is a leading online portal for software products, with free downloads and expert software reviews to help you make an informed choice. We list thousands of discounted software products with prices that are almost always the lowest available in the country. We also list a huge selection of free downloads so you can try software free before you decide to buy.
The Software.com store features the the software industry’s leading publishers, including Microsoft, Intuit, Symantec, Adobe, Nuance and hundreds of others. Our software store provides users with rich resources including thousands of user reviews, articles, and product comparison charts.
Software.com employs a team of industry experts with over 40 years of combined experience in online software distribution. Our goal is to bring you the best range of world-leading software, at the best prices, with rich reviews and product information so you can choose the software that is right for you. (software.com/about/)
As we can see from these samples, the foreign company websites are more functional and focus more on introdu cing products, and the purpose are much stronger and prominent. This is exactly what our company website is lack of, for we always put more words in describing company history and prior tradition, but lack of products introduction and special users attraction.
2.3 Features of company website translation
First of all, company website translation profile depends more on the skopos rules. Different from other text types, a company website profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company website profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
Secondly, primarily under the guidance of the functionalist Skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analysis authentic examples, the study also justifies some appropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other publicity materials.
At last, defined as the measure of all things in translation by Reiss, the ST is regarded by Vermeer as merely an “offer of information” which can be partly or wholly transmitted for the target audience, leaving its status much lower in skopostherie than in equivalence-based theories. And it is the purpose of the translation that determines what to translate, how much to translate and what strategies to employ in specific situations. For this reason, in C-E translation of company website, any translation strategy can be adopted provided it is effective in publicizing the company in the target culture and expanding its business there. The translator needs to serve as “cultural filtering”, which means making adjustments to the structure and style of the source text by addition, deletion and rewriting. In this section, different successful translation techniques applicable to company profile translation in light of skopostheorie will be explored.
3. The Skopos theory and company website translation
A company website is a particular communicative message that an organization wants to deliver to a particular audience. It is essentially “a résumé” presenting an image of a particular company, aiming to “establish the credibility with the market the company serves” . Klein also argues that a company website provides insight about a company to its customers and prospects; potential employees and partners view it to evaluate whether or not it is the kind of company they’d like to work with. Generally speaking, a well-written company website contains the company’s founders, product range or service that a company offers, major stockholders, members of the board, address, telephone and fax numbers, website, and other vital information. Some website include their history and significant achievements they have made through the years. This thesis defines a company profile in a narrow sense and refers to a company introduction since introductory remarks head all the other subdirectory items and are of the most representative characteristics. The samples employed in this thesis include brochures and materials from the Internet and cover a great variety of b usiness fields such as banks, hotels, automobiles, medicine, wine, household electrical appliances, tobacco, and sports goods.
3.1 Introduction of skopos theory
The Skopos theory is an important functionalist theory of translation that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. It reflects “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” [8]235. It greatly widens the research field of translation and puts translation researches in the framework of cross-cultural communication, instead of the narrow framework of source and target texts or the transmission between two languages. The Skopos theory draws inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, and also from movements in literary studies toward reception theories. It is regarded as the core of German functionalism.
Hans Vermeer who proposed the Skopos theory gives his own definition of translation from a unique perspective that translation is a “purposeful action”. In the Skopos theory, translation is basically a type of communication. In other words, translation is a type of human action. Since action is the process of acting, which means “intentionally(at will)bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature), and thus can be defined as an intentional change or transition from one state of affairs to another” 18. Based on this belief, Vermeer put forward his translation principles, including the Skopos rule ad the guiding principle, and the coherence and the fidelity rule as subordinate principles.
It requires that a good translation be:
[1] pragmatic, accounting for the situational conditions of communicative interaction and, accordingly, for the needs and expectations of the addressees of the target text and even making the receiver the most important yardstick of translational decisions;
[2] culture-oriented, giving consideration to the culture-specific forms of verbal and nonverbal behaviour involved in translation;
[3] consistent, able to show the translator’s decisions in any type or form of translation task and make the target text a functional one;
[4] practical, accounting all the forms of transcultural communication needed;
[5] normative, displaying the translator’s particular purpose;
[6] comprehensive, the communicative effects of a target text being equivalent to those of the source text;
.
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos theory
During the information exchanging, Chinese companies have to provide effective company website profile linguistically and culturally acceptable to their target readers. Consequently, the English translation of Chinese company website plays a significant role in ensuring a successful communication with the outside world. Yet the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company profiles is far from satisfactory. From the perspective of Skopostheorie, “if the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target addressee, anything that obstructs the achievement of this purpose is a translation error” [9]74. Thus, to decide whether a piece of translation is a translation error or not is neither to see whether the translation is grammatically correct or not, nor to see whether the translation is loyal to the meaning of the source text. Instead, it should depend on whether the translation has achieved the intended purpose of the original work. As far as the C-E translation of company profiles is concerned, major problems and errors result from the ignorance of linguistic and cultural differences. The common errors in the C-E translation can be roughly classified into two categories: functional translation errors, linguistic tr anslation errors and cultural translation errors.
3.2.1 Functional translation errors
Functional inadequacies occur in four ways. They may be pragmatic translation errors, which are the result of “inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as lack of receiver orientation”. Secondly, they may be cultural translation errors, which are “due to an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions”. Thirdly, they may be linguistic translation errors, which are “caused by an inadequate translation when the focus is on language structures”. Fourthly, and finally, they may be text-specific translation errors, which are “related to a text-specific translation problem and, like the corresponding translation problems, can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic point of view” 76 .
Function refers to the factors which make the text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients[11]126.
The claim that a variety of strategies, often moving away from the linguistic surface of the source text, are necessary to produce a functional target text gives a more grounded precision to the claims of Goldblatt and Raffel. Nord’s argument helps us to understand that these strategies are not to be considered shortcomings or inadequacies, reluctantly accepted as abstract “poetry” but never as “scholarship” – they are deliberate and intelligent forms of both creativity and fidelity. Indeed they are the inevitable, different paths that translators must follow if they wish to create new texts based on their appropriately functional readings of the source-text. (Scholars, to paraphrase Raffel, are then entitled to translations as much as poets – but because their needs are different, they each require a different sort of translation.) If these strategies of non-equivalence are to be considered “mistakes” at all then they are, in a paradoxical way, “deliberate mistakes”, intentionally undertaken in order to recreate the text in a way that deviates from the literal surface meaning of the source text so as to represent its other, deeper, features. Other errors, or “mistakes”, which are the result of our intentions being neither adequate nor appropriate, might be considered, in contrast, to be “foolish mistakes”, the product of ignorance but not of maliciousness. And ignorance can be overcome by “an adequate level of language and culture proficiency”.
3.2.2 Lingustic translation errors
Linguistic translation errors are at the basic level among the four types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator’s poor command of the target language. Unfamiliar with the target language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of errors, which range from levis (spelling and choice of words), semantics (meaning the source text intends to convey) to syntax (grammatical sentences and structure). Hence the translated text cannot be fully understood by the foreign audience. For example,“拳头产品”has been translated literally as “fist product”. In Chinese,“拳头产品” indicates that the product sells well in the market and it is regarded as a brand name. The counterpart “fist” in English, however, just means the hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm, which cannot convey the original meaning. It would be better to be translated as “knockout product”, “hard-punch product”or“product with a competitive edge” [12].
Example[3]: 三十年纺织品和服装出口经验,质量第一,信誉第一,友情第一,重合同,守信用,始终如一。(ex.cn)
Original version:Thirty years’experience of textiles and garments export.Quality the best.Reputation and friendship the foremost. Always abide by contacts and credibility.
Revised version:The rendering in this example is a typical word-for-word one, let alone the grammatical mistake in the last sentence “Always abide by contacts and credibility”. The deliberate faithfulness of its sentence structure actually results in sen tence fragments in English, which are far from emotionally appealing to the English readers. Such redundant syntactic structure will surely confuse the target readers.
Example[4]: 集“中国驰名商标”、“中国名牌”、“国家免检产品”和“国家出口商品免验”等荣誉于一身的特步(中国)有限公司,位于福建省泉州市经济技术开发区。(xtep.com.cn/)
Original version:Xtep(China)co.,ltd.,honored with China's famous and popular brand, China's famous brand, products exempt from inspection and export products exempt from inspection; which locates in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development zone. After correcting the grammatical errors in this version,an improved version could be:
Revised version:Xtep(China)Co., Ltd.,winning honors like “China’s famous and popular brand”, “China’s famous brand”, “inspection-exempt products” and “inspection-exempt products for export”, which is located in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone.
3.2.3 Clutural translation errors
What does the word “culture” mean?As we have seen, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex and all-pervasive. Though there has been a century of efforts to define culture by scholars from different points of view, an agreement has so far not been reached[13]. The definition of culture seems simple but complex in reality. It covers aspects of everyday life to cognitive and social structure. And it refers to communities that have different attitudes toward political and social issues, different cultural practices and references in their private lives, different social backgrounds, etc.
In 1871, in his classic book Primitive Culture, British anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted :“culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” [13]. This definition is far from complete and vague to some extent because it only stressed the spiritual part of culture, but has neglected its material basis without which culture is an impossibility.
Translation and culture are closely related to each other. Translation is a cross-cultural communication. Various scholars have elaborated on the relationship between culture and translation.
Toury holds that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural conditions48.
In order to achieve the expected purpose of the C-E translation of company profiles, it is particularly important to know the role of culture in the C-E translation of company profiles. First of all, culture affects the selection of company profiles. In order to carter for the target readers, the initiators have to select materials that characterize the Chinese culture and are acceptable in the target cultural system. Secondly, culture affects the acceptability of translations in the target culture[18]. Because of the cultural differences, what is appreciated in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture differences, what is appreciated in on culture may not be acceptable in another culture. Thirdly, culture also affects the approaches to be adopted in the translation process. For different translation purposes, people may resort to different apporaches to solve cultural clashes.
Chinese and western cultures differ greatly in their historical development, geographical locations, customs, conventions, religious beliefs and aesthetics,which have a great impact on cross-cultural communication.According to Skopostheorie, a cultural translation error occurs when something in the translation doesn't conform to the norms and conventions in the target culture. Cultural transla tion mistakes or errors, though very covert, cause a lot of hideous barriers in the cross-cultural communication.
As has been mentioned above, what is appreciated in the Chinese culture may be unacceptable in the English culture due to the cultural differences. For example, we have always prided ourselves as“龙的传人”, which is literally translated as“descendants of the dragon”. However, the Chinese word“龙” in the Chinese culture is not equivalent to the “dragon” in the western culture. Though both of them are legendary animals, their images and connotations are quite different. In the Chinese culture, the image of “龙” has undergone a series of changes before it takes its present form. It has the combined features of a number of animals—a reptile-like animal with a scaled body and claws, which can not only crawl, but also swim and fly. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation and the Chinese national spirit. It represents power, supremacy and auspice. In feudal China, emperors were compared to dragons. But in the western legends, dragon is a huge lizard with wings, scales and a long snake-like tail. It can spit fire. Dragon in the western culture is the symbol of evil[19]. So if the phrase“以外贸企业为龙头” is translated into English as “with foreign trade firms as the dragon’s head”, the foreigners will feel awful when they read the translation. It will be acceptable when it is translated as“with foreign trade firms as the locomotive(or flagship)”.
Besides, English company profiles emphasize simplicity, individuality and substantiality, while Chinese ones stress elegance, uniformity, and authority. For this reason, the author of this present paper suggests that to realize intended commercial purpose, translators should avoid literally translating four-character phraseology into English because foreign consumers may show their doubts at the first sight of these patterns:“Who knows?” as shown in the following examples.
Example[5]: 该厂能生产大衣、西装、时装、衬衣、毛衣等不同类型服装用的上千个花色品种的纽扣,产品规格齐全,品种繁多,造型新颖。(lxbutton.com/)
Original version:The factory can produce thousands of type of buttons for coats, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters. They have complete ranges of specification and various types and are novel in shape.
Revised version:The factory can produce various new types of buttons in thousands of different designs for coat, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters.
It seems that the modifications in the second English version not only successfully achieve commercial effect but also makes the content more succinct. Hence, a translator should always bear in mind that cultural comparison is a “must” in the translation process. Without comparisons of the two cultural systems, successful translation would not be possible.
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province
There are many famous foreign trade companies in Zhejiang province, almost every company owns its English version website profile which focus to attract foreign business partners around the world. But owing to the different levels of translators who work as the company website translation, there exists a big difference in the quality of website translation, some even cause serious problem which make foreign trade partner confused about the compani's business and even products' function. So it is very important for translators of company website to follow some principles while dealing with the translation work.
4.1 Functional translation errors
4.1.1 Problem of length
The main reason for the too long translation is the profile of the translation focus too much on faith, but neglect removing or simplifying the useless information for audience. In accordance with the “Skopos rule”, the purpose of translation decides the behaviour of translation work. The translators should add, adjust or predigest the original work depending on the purpose of the translation.some of the original target information is out of communicative value which will make the translation empty, trash-talking and even affecting the information transforming.
Example [6]: 进入新世纪后,娃哈哈已拥有了雄厚的产品自主研发能力和技术创新能力,在雄厚的资金保障下,通过引进国际最先进的生产设备技术,进行消化、吸收、再创新,使公司拥有强大的核心竞争能力。同时,通过自主开发营养快线等系列创新产品,广开销路,实现科学发展,行业龙头地位日益稳固。目前,娃哈哈正在不断扩大投资规模,不断自主创新,向着世界500强企业的目标阔步前进!(划线部分为错误点)(wahaha.com.cn/aboutus/history/)
Original version: The third time milestone development: entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the dependent R&D ability and the technology innovation ability. Secured by abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment technology with absorption and d igestion, making sure that Wahaha keeps the core competitive edge. We also developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilizing our leading position. Currently, Wahaha keeps further investment and constant innovation, aiming for becoming the world Top 500 enterprises.
We can find that some information in the Chinese version is useless and redundant,“消化、吸收、再创新”,“自主研发能力和技术创新能力”they all means innovation.so we can simplify the version into:
Revised version: Entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the ability of innovation and R&D with abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment with renew ability, making Wahaha keep the core competitive edge. At the same time, we have developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilize our leading position. Currently, Whaha keeps investment and innovation for becoming the world top 500 enterprises。
Example [7]: 东方机械位于风景秀丽、物产丰富、经济发达、文化繁荣,素有江南“鱼米、皮革之乡”美称的钱塘江畔。(hua-jia .com/s1.htm)
Original version: Our factory is located in Dingqiao Town by the Qiantang River where is famed as"The Home of fish,Rice and Leather",with beautiful scenery,rich products,flourishing economy and prosperous culture.
Revised version: “...located at Dingqiao Town by the Qingtang river, our company specialized in the production of ... ”(we can just delete the underlined part)
Example [8]: 2003年初,公司为满足国内市场对专用车的需要,及时调整产品结构并成立的专用车公司,在做稳、做强客车的同时,投巨资实施专用车项目,精心打造有洛阳宇通特色的专用车产品,本着“低端切人、高端占领”的原则,经过精心筹备,四大系列产品即混凝土搅拌车系列、散装水泥车系列、加油车系列、洒水车系列一经投放市场,便以其全新的设计、优美的造型、细腻的工艺赢得了市场的青睐。(lyyt.com/t9/index.asp)
Original version: In the early of 2003, in order to meet the demands for special-purpose car in domestic market, we adjusted our product's structure and set up a new department dealing with special purpose car. While steadying and strengthening the production of passenger car, we invest large amounts of money in special-purpose car to carefully make this kind of products with vivid Luoyang Yutong characteristics. With the principle of cutting in from the low end and taking possession at the high end, our four series of products were put into market in April of 2003 after careful preparation. They are dowser series, water cart series, bulk cement vehicle series and concrete-mixing vehicle series. The products win for their new designation, exquisite molding and technique.
Revised version: In addition to its wonderful performance in the sector of passenger cars, Luoyang Yutong Automobile co., Ltd. Moved forward with an aggressive campaign to stay at the forefront of transportation. In the early of 2003, we set up a new sector to manufacture special-purpose vehicles including fuel trucks, spraying cars, bulk cement trucks and concrete-mixing trucks which are tailored to the needs of Chinese market. They gained excellent reputation for their original design and state-of-the-art technics among clients as soon as they were put into market in April of the same years.
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern
In the functionalist perspective, the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target address, and anything that prevents the achievement of this purpose in considered as a translation error. This means that a particular expression or utterance is not inadequate in itself; it only becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it was expected to achieve. Furthermore, Nord classifies the translation errors into four categories: pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific ones[9]. Study of the small corpus shows those translation errors in the translated corporate website are mainly linguistic and cultural. In the following parts, the author is to demonstrate the problems common to nearly all the sample texts, with suggested solutions thereafter.
Example [9]: 引进大量的科技管理人才,成立“真爱集团人才联谊会” 形成“重知识,重人才” 的良好气氛。(truelovegroup.com/english/about/about.asp)
Original version: To form well atmosphere “esteem acknowledge, esteem intellect”, truelove employed a mess of technology and management persons and set up “truelove group talent sociality”.
Revised version: To form well atmosphere “respect knowledge and talents”, Truelove employed talents and set up “Truelove talents Union”.
Example [10]:
(1)医德医风
Medical ethics
(2)全体员工精诚团结,上下一心
All the staffs unite absolute sincerity
(3)上有上策,下有下策,有令不行,有禁不止。
Disobey orders and defy prohibition.
In these translations repetitions have been talked carefully.The Word “ethics” contains the meaning of both“德”and“风”. The Chinese“精诚团结”and“上下一心” which have the same meaning are translated into “unite in absolute sincerity.” As with these, the third English sentence fully renders the Chinese version whose second part means the same as the first one.
Let's quote example (2) as another example of this strategy. Taking a look at the underlined parts, we find the Chinese phrase“进入饭店” has not been translated. The English version “Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Management Group introduced us ...” is clear and sufficient to express the meaning of “进入饭店,带来…”. If we translate it in the word-for-word way “as entered the hotel and brought...”, the TT readers in English cultures will be confused. Thus, leaving out tautological words is one of the communicative methods in translating to realize the purpose of the TT. More specifically, this translation is a compliance with coherence rule rather than the fidelity rule.
4.2 Linguistic translation errors
A linguistic translation error is at the most basic level among the types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator's poor command of the language. Unfamiliar with the language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of mistakes, which range from lexis (spelling and choice of words), syntax (grammatical sentence and structure) and semantics (meaning that the source text intends to convey).
4.2.1 Spelling errors
Example [11]: 本公司始终坚持以“质量为本,科技创新,优质服务,环保产品”为发展宗旨。(chinacgic.com/company.asp)
Original version: Our company has all along been adhering to such a development philosophy: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Revised version:our company has all along been adhering to such a developing idea: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Example [12]:“成功电子” 以拥有您的支持而自豪,并有信心通过我们不断的努力使您以使用“成功电子” 产品而骄傲。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: Success Electronics is proud for having your support and convinced that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
Revised verion: Success Electronic is proud for having your support and it convince that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation
Example[13]: 公司自创办以来,不断扩大规模,更新产品的种类。欢迎各中外客商前来共创商机! (rx-china.com/)
Original version: The company spread dimensions at once. sincerely welcomes its friends to have business negotiation, cooperate with them and jointly make great achievement.
Revised version: Since the establishment of our company we have always been expanding our industrial scale and adding new ranges to our production line. Now we warmly welcome our customers, both at home and abroad, to come together and enjoy better business opportunities!
Example [14]: 本公司经营的产品广泛用于通讯设备、家用电器、仪器仪表、数码产品行业、电子玩具以及工业自动化设备等各种领域, 在电子行业有很高的声誉。(zszyss.com/)
Original version: The product of company’s operation is used in the various fields such as communication equipment, electric home appliances, instrument appearance, digital product profession, electronictoy as well as industrial automatic equipment extensively, we have very high reputation on electronic profession.
Revised version: The products we deal in are widely used in such areas as communication, household electrical appliances, instruments and meters, digital products, electric toys and industrial automatic equipment. Our company enjoys a high reputation in the line of electronic.
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation
Example [15]: 本公司近年致力弘扬、推广中华优秀传统文化和与之相结合的高新科技。2002年起被中央有关部门指定为外交部国礼系列图书国内外主要发行单位之一。(zylp.com/)
Original version: This company recent years devoted to bring honor to , to promote the China outstanding traditional culture and high speed science which unified with it. In 2002 is assigned by the central department concerned one of for country cash as a present book domestic and foreign main release units .
Revised version: We have been carrying forward and popularizing traditional Chinese culture combined with newly developed high-tech. In 2002, our company was appointed to be one of the authorized publishers of series of golden books as official gifts for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Example [16]: 百果园占地面积20 亩,花园式布局,生产车间4800m²,设有原料、粗加工、成品、包装、冷藏、锅炉等生产车间。(baiguoyuan.com.cn/)
Original version: Baiguoyuan is like a garden it cone ns an area of zomu, with 3400 sguan meters work shop, including material storage workshop , naw processing workshop, finshed produet workshop, packing workshop, cold stonage workshop and boilen workshop.
Revised version: Baiguoyuan, a well laid out garden-like enterprise, covers an area of 20 mu, and owns a production department of 4800 square meters including workshops handling materials, rough processing, finished goods, packing, refrigerating and a boiler room.
4.2.4 Illogical arrangement
Illogical arrangement is primarily coordinated at the incorrectly translation of an individual expression or sentence's elements which cause incoherent and misunderstanding.
Example [17]:(本单位)成立于1988年,是经国家建设部批准,专业从事地基与基础工程施工的壹级企业。(richelevator.com/hz/)
Original version:We are the stair enterp rise professioned on construction of groundwork and base engineering approved by national construction department founded in 1988.
Revised version: Our company, with the approval of Ministry of Construction, was established in 1988 and we are now a first grade enterprise specializing in the construction of groundwork and foundational engineering.
Example [18]: 公司非常重视对员工队伍素质的培训工作,专门成立了人力资源部,对员工进行操作技术、专业技能、安全生产、市场意识、产品质量等方面的培训。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: The company emphasize on training for the staff, specialize to establish HR department, train manipulating technique, specialty skill, safe producing, market apperceiving, product quality and the other side training.
Revised version:We put emphasis on training our working staff and specially set up a human resources department for the purpose of guiding our staff members to master new operating techniques, professional skills, safety in production, marketing strategies and quality control.
4.3 Cultural translation errors
When preparing an English version of the corporate profile, the Chinese companies tend to translate literally the existing Chinese language, regardless of the fact that different addressees require an adjustment of the relationship between the explicit and implicit information in the target text and that the target cultural conventions should be given priority.
Example[19]: 公司于2000年顺利通过ISO9001: 2000版国际质量体系认证,形成了一套完整的质量保障体系,2002年11月被中国轻工业质量认证中心授予 “环保陶瓷”称号。(.cn/)
Original version:the company passed ISO9001:2000 International Quality System Certification in 2000, and has established a complete quality assurance system. It was awarded as “Environmental friendly ceramics”.
In this short paragraph, the company exhibits four honorary titles: ISO9001:2000版国际质量体系认证,“环保陶瓷” without further explaining what the awards are about, what requirements should be met to win each and how this company is qualified to receive the glories. For people who are familiar with the awarding system, this information is able to serve as a strong support for the qualification of company. However, the westerners are probably not so moved by these titles. Questions may haunt the readers, such as “what is the evaluation standard of the award?” “how often is the award granted?” “how many enterprises can get award in each season?” in other words, only when the information becomes convincing enough can the foreigners acknowledge the qualification of the company.
5.Conclusion
It should have been a progress for the development of the Chinese enterprises since the bilingual corporate websites open a new channel for them to present themselves to the world; however, in the analysis of the translated company introductions, the author observes quite a number of errors and problems prevailing the target text, which can hardly help achieve the function of the source text, only to ruin the image of the company. After all, a company with a poor English introduction can hardly convince the potential customers of the top-quality claim of the product and service therein. Delving into the translated corporate profiles, the author finds out that as far as the translation of the Chinese corporate profiles is concerned, Chinese companies still have a long way to go.
In this light, the paper analyses the language, cultural-specific terms and discourse of the translated corporate website translation, locates common errors and proposes some methods for better communication with the international audience.
However, as nearly all the cooperate profiles are translated literally in the process, even if the linguistic and cultural errors are corrected the target texts still appear awkward in the whole text and fail to become fluent English. In other words, any corrections made in the English sentences do not solve the problem and cannot ensure a functionally satisfactory reaction from the audience.
Guo Jianzhong says the translation of pragmatic texts is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques. It holds true to the company introduction, which is tattooed to translate according to the source text’s diction and structure. What the translators need to do is to adapt to or rewrite the source text before translating. Though the English may be not literally correspondent with the original source text, the meaning of the content and stylistic features retain. As a result, the communication carries out successfully and the function is fulfilled.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Yang Xue, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Zhang Lan, Zhu Ming, Wu Xiaoyun, and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
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诚 信 承 诺
我谨在此承诺:本人所写的毕业论文《外贸公司网站英译研究之目的论视角》均系本人独立完成,没有抄袭行为,凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料,均作了注释,若有不实,后果由本人承担。
高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲明确指出:“毕业论文是考查学生综合能力,评估学业成绩的一个重要方式。”毕业论文一般应用英语撰写,长度为3,000―5,000个单词,要求文字通顺,思路清晰,内容充实,有一定的独立见解。由此不难看出,毕业论文在整个英语教学和英语学习中占举足轻重的地位。摘要又称概要或内容提要,是论文中不可或缺的一部分,是对论文主要内容进行的简单、易懂、精辟的概括总结。摘要的四个要素分别是研究目的、研究方法、研究内容、研究结果,这也是英文摘要的核心内容[1]。论文的英文摘要适应了信息时代电子文献检索机构的要求,是国际学术交流的重要桥梁。英文摘要的形成是一个由汉语摘要向英文翻译的转化过程,其质量反映了翻译的水平,在一定程度上也对论文的交流产生影响[2];同时英文摘要的语言质量直接影响了论文本身的信度[3],因此,我们可以毫不夸张地说,论文的英文摘要是英语专业学生综合英语能力的主要表现形式之一,也是衡量其英语水平的重要标准之一。
一、研究对象与研究方法
以我院英语专业本科毕业生的存档毕业论文为研究对象,从中随机抽取了40份,论文内容涉及语言学(7份)、文学(12份)、翻译(9份)、文化(6份)及教学(6份)等五个不同方面。学生毕业后大多数在外企或者中学就业,其英语水平直接影响对外贸易的结果及中小学的英语教学效果,因此该研究就显得更加重要了。通过认真研读学生毕业论文的英文摘要,我侧重研究其内容是否合乎要求,语言是否流畅通顺、符合英语表达习惯等问题,并且根据研究所发现的问题提出可行对策,以便切实提高学生的语言综合能力,提高其执教能力。
二、结果分析
(一)在内容方面存在的问题
关于摘要的内容,首先研究其是否具备应有的四个要素,以及各个因素在摘要中出现的频率,具体情况见表1和表2。
学生的论文摘要在内容的完整性上还远远不符合要求,只有四分之一的摘要涵盖了所需的四个要素,将近一半的摘要写出了大部分内容,其他的摘要未免过于简单,多余的部分就都是不必要的重复,这与摘要语言简明扼要的特点是相悖的。
表2表明,摘要中出现频率最高的是研究目的,其次就是研究内容和研究结果,频率最低的是研究方法,可见学生对于自己使用何种方法来展开研究不是十分清楚,没有恰当有效的研究方法做保障,那么研究结果的可信度就会大打折扣。
(二)在语言表达方面存在的问题
关于语言表达,本文主要侧重研究其词语/短语是否运用恰当,词语的语体是否合适,句子结构是否合理等问题,具体结果见表3和表4。
摘要的语言要正式严谨、书面化,避免使用非正式的词语,由表3可以看到,在学生的论文摘要中非正式词语数量还是很多的,说明学生在这方面没有给予足够的重视。文体犹如四季,有其鲜明的标记,古希腊哲学家亚里士多德在其《修辞学》一书中提出:既不要把重大的事情说得很随便,又不要把琐碎的小事说得冠冕堂皇。[4]200―201在外语写作或者翻译中最容易出错的地方不是语法,又不是词汇,而是词语的搭配(He「one who writes or speaks in a foreign languagewill be “caught” out every time,not by his grammar ... not by his vocabulary ... but by his unacceptable or improbable collocations.)。[5]85因此,要想用词地道,搭配合理,就需要日积月累,逐步培养良好的英语语感。混淆词语的词性或者用错介词、漏掉介词这些失误都是语言基本功不够扎实,以及不了解英汉差异的表现,这些看似简单实则繁琐的地方往往最容易被学生忽视。
由表4可以看出,摘要中以第一人称作主语的句子数量很少,更多的是使用抽象的名词作主语,即无生命主语,这样作者就可以尽可能地远离评价行为,而把评价的任务交给抽象实体,如研究的课题或其结果;被评价的对象似乎成了世界的本来事实,离作者很远,因而显得无可争议和客观化。[6]30这种做法与学生的论文写作课程及教师的指导有关。相对汉语而言,英语更习惯使用被动语态,而在调查的英文摘要中使用被动语态的句子少之又少,这同样是受母语负迁移的影响,对英汉差异不甚了解所造成的。
当代美国著名翻译理论家奈达在其Translating Meaning(1983)一书中指出:就汉语和英语而言,也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别,就是形合与意合的对比。汉语的哲学背景是儒、道、佛的悟性,用词造句成章的最大特点是意合法,重意义组合而轻形式结构,让读者和听者领悟其中的意义和关系;词没有严格意义的形态变化;句子不受严格的主谓结构的束缚,少用或不用关联词语。而英语的哲学背景是亚里士多德的形式逻辑,以及十六至十八世纪风行欧洲的理性主义,其用词造句成章的最大特点是形合法,重形式结构协调;词有严格的形态变化,用词强调人称、数、格的一致;句子受严谨的主谓结构协调一致的制约,多用关联词,句子结构复杂,犹如参天大树,而学生摘要中的复杂句子使用频率偏低,即使是复合句,也往往存在很多问题,诸如关联词使用不当,或者省略关联词等。
三、对论文写作及论文指导的启示
1.强化英汉对比知识。对于学习中常见的一些语言现象,学生已经熟悉了所谓“习惯用法”的解释,长此以往,他们语言学习的积极性与主动性肯定会受到影响。英汉属于不同的语系,熟悉两者之间的差异会使得英语学习事半功倍,正所谓“授人以鱼不如授人以渔”。掌握了正确的学习方法,了解了其中的奥妙所在,学生的语言水平就会发生质的变化。
2.加强日常大声朗读的训练。汉语中常把“看书”称为“读书”,顾名思义,大声朗读,书读百遍,其义自现。朗读可以调动口、耳、眼、脑等多个器官一起参与复杂的思维活动,极大地提高思维的速度并增强效果。同时,朗读可以激活语言的美感与乐感,强化语感,正确、流畅而富有美感的朗读能使学习者得到听觉享受,增进大脑记忆,增强创造性[7]100―102,从而提高英语学习的效率。
3.培养学生的语体意识。“不同的体裁类型中,措辞、句法结构、成文结构、语体风格等都是各不相同的”[8]85。文体学认为,言语事件发生的语境不同,人们相对使用语言的情况也就不相同。为适应特定语境而运用不同的语言特征系统构成语言的不同功能变体(语体)[9]122。因此,教师在教学中要注重培养学生的语体意识,学会随着语境场合的变化来选择合适的词语,避免发生语体错位的现象。
4.培养严谨、认真的科研态度。有些在论文摘要中出现的失误,稍加注意是完全可以避免的。因此,无论教师还是学生都必须端正态度,认真严肃地对待论文写作,将不必要的错误降低到最少,提高论文写作的质量。
既然称之为英语专业,那么对学生的英语语言能力方面就应该有更高的要求,这是英语专业学生基本、首要的要求,怎么强调都不为过[10]216。通过对学生毕业论文英文摘要的调查,我们发现了一些内容和语言方面的问题,这些也是普遍存在的问题,不仅影响了论文的质量,而且严重影响了课堂教学的效果,因此,值得引起广大师生的关注。
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教育部办公厅在2004年4月发出《关于加强普通高等学校毕业设计(论文)工作的通知》,通知中强调:毕业设计(论文)旨在培养大学生探索真理,强化社会意识,提高综合实践能力,是衡量教学水平,学生毕业与学位资格认证的重要依据。教育部在2009年的《普通高等学校本科教学工作水平评估方案》中再次明确要求本科毕业设计(论文)“选题要紧密结合生产和社会实际,难度工作量适当,体现专业综合训练要求”。从2010年起至今北京城市学院国际语言文化学部英语(国际商务)专业进行了相关的改革研究与实践。结合毕业设计管理与指导实践,作者对积累的一些经验和存在的问题进行总结。
一、高校商务英语专业(方向)毕业论文的现状
高校商务英语专业毕业论文选题学术气氛浓厚、重复率高。多集中于“商务谈判的技巧”、“商标的翻译策略”、“商务广告的语言特色”等,与商务实践密切相关的文章寥寥无几。学生在选题上还是侧重于文学和文化,没有充分体现出商务英语的专业方向性。多数的商务英语专业学生写作内容脱离实际,没有注重毕业论文的自身价值与实际意义。缺乏实证分析,不会运用所学的知识对实际问题进行研究,有的同学撰写的内容与将来所从事的商务活动毫无关系。大多数学生都是根据指导教师布置的论文题目独自搜索文献、分析整理资料、缺乏了团队协作、限制了思想火花的碰撞。如果毕业设计能够以团队的形式来完成撰写必将对学生的实践能力、团队协作能力、组织与沟通交流能力的提升起到非常大的帮助。
二、商务英语专业毕业论文改革探索与实践
1.毕业论文改革的形式和内容。
掌握商务文书的基本知识、写作方法、写作技能,能运用娴熟、得心应手地撰写各类商务文书是衡量现代商务工作者的素质、能力的重要标准。根据我校英语专业国际商务方向学生实际情况和商务文书撰写的难易程度,英语(国际商务)学生选择商务报告中的调查报告(SurveyReport)开展毕业论文改革。调查报告具体要求:调查报告由2人共同完成,学生需进行社会调查、访谈或其他调研方式。要求调查报告的字数不少于5000字英文,其中含1000字中文概要,调查问卷样卷和访谈提纲样卷为中英文对照版。
2.行业人士进行调查报告撰写的指导和培训。
为了帮助学生更好地掌握商务文书的撰写规范,行文要求,专业安排了行业人士对调研报告的撰写进行了指导和培训。调查报告撰写的培训方案:调查报告撰写指导分为三部分:第一部分对调查报告的定义、结构、撰写过程进行宏观指导;第二部分主要讲解调查报告的研究方法、资料的收集与研究、问卷和访谈内容的设计;第三部分调查报告的选题和开题指导。
3.调查报告双导师指导的管理与监控。
毕业论文“双导师制”指导模式是依据北京城市学院办学目标和特色,结合商务英语专业学生特点,通过校内英语指导教师与来自其他学院跨学科或者行业的合作导师“双导师”联合指导,重点实施理论学习环节、调研环节、理论与实践整合环节等双导师式培养的毕业论文指导模式。选题环节。毕业论文的选题是做好毕业论文工作的首要环节,指导教师严格把好选题关是保证毕业论文质量的前提条件。校外合作导师提出若干个用人单位在实际工作操作中遇到的真实问题。毕业论文选题来自于实际工作过程中的问题,既体现了实际应用价值,又能很好地锻炼学生的实践能力。理论学习环节。为了让学生有更充裕的时间进入第七学期的学习和第八学期工作岗位的实习,我们将理论环节的学习提前到夏季小学期。由校内指导教师和行业合作导师进行联合讲解。学生在双导师的指导下,完成选题、开题报告准备等环节。调研实践环节。在夏季小学期结束后的暑期,学生要开展为期约4周的调研活动。在调研实习期间,由实习单位的校外指导教师,监督和指导学生的调研实习实践活动,补充学生理论学习的缺陷,提高学生商务实操能力。在这一环节,校内英语指导教师也需要及时与校外指导老师沟通,协助学生完成调研实践环节。理论与实践整合环节。学生在调研实践活动后,即完成问卷发放和访谈活动,回到学校进行调研报告的撰写。学生需要在这个环节听取校内英语指导教师和校外指导教师的指导建议,展开数据的统计分析,以及调研报告的撰写。双导师综合评定给出毕业设计的成绩。答辩环节。采用校内老师和行业人士联合组成答辩专家组,对调查报告中涉及的理论环节和实践环节进行全面系统的提问,双导师以及答辩专家组综合评定后给出每组同学毕业论文成绩。对于学生各项成绩的评定,第一指导教师占总成绩的60%,第二指导教师占40%。专业要求学生毕业设计完成情况严格进行前期、中期检查与考核。如果因为教师指导不力,学生没有圆满完成毕业设计,将追究校内导师的责任。对于毕业设计工作不认真、投入不够、完成质量差而又达不到专业培养目标的学生,学部将根据毕业设计要求的有关规定严肃处理。毕业论文“双导师制”指导模式强调了基础理论知识和专业实践知识的有机结合,弥补了高校英语教师缺乏商务实战经验的弊病。“双导师制”将显著增强学生的专业能力和社会适应能力,使得学生在进入企业后,能够更快地适应环境,从而直接进入工作状态。学生通过这种模式的训练,巩固发展了专业知识和技能,也为日后的就业打下扎实的基础。
4.调查报告的评审标准要适当调整。
毕业论文评价体系是引导毕业论文工作的杠杆和指挥棒。重点考察学生毕业论文的原创性、实效性,即毕业论文必须是学生经过努力研究真实做出来的,解决了实际工作中的某一个问题,比较真实地反映了学生的实际工作能力与水平。在评价程序上,整个撰写过程采用双导师(校内英语教师与行业专家)综合评定和指导,在评审的各个环节均采用英语教师和行业专家双评审制度。评分标准也相应地区别于传统的学术论文,例如在选题上要评定“选题是否具有较强的现实意义,符合实践性、科学性、创新性要求”;调查问卷的设计上要评定“调查问卷的结构、内容设计科学、合理,较为清楚地说明调查问卷的发放及回收情况”;数据综合分析能力上要评定“能够灵活运用多种形式的图表对调查问卷所得结果和数据进行恰当、科学、有效分析”;在调查报告整体质量上要评定“研究结果摘要部分:论述清晰;正文部分:理论运用正确,数据分析科学、合理,论述充分,结构严谨,条理清晰;结论与建议部分:结论正确,具有创新性,实用性。调查报告结果具有一定的参考、应用价值。全文专业术语使用准确。符号统一,编号齐全,书写规范,图表完备、整洁、正确”;毕业论文的答辩和评审标准都结合实际进行了适当的调整以保证评价的得体性和公平性。
三、政策建议
1.深化毕业论文以及配套商务英语教学改革。
商务英语专业应该以毕业论文改革为契机,不断深化商务英语教学改革,整合各种实践教学资源,使教学理论、人才培养模式与人才培养目标达成一致。在商务英语教学过程中,可以采取多种方式培养学生的商务实践能力和创新能力,例如不断加强校企合作力度;学校与企业和政府建立实践教学合作关系;请行业专家到学校授课或开办讲座;提倡英语教师带领学生到企业现场教学;鼓励英语社团组织承接社会项目;等等。
2.加强实践型教师队伍建设。
学校要通过各种途径增强教师实践意识和实践能力的培养,例如,鼓励教师带领学生参加社会课题研究、对专业教师进行实践教学培训等,并且纳入对教师的考核体系中;学校派青年教师到企事业单位、外企外贸公司挂职锻炼,以此来增进教师对社会的了解,要求教师在授课的过程中渗透实践内容,培养学生的实践能力和创新意识。学校也可以将具有创业经历和实践经验的各类人员融入到教师队伍里。通过上述措施,强化学校的实践人才培养特色,加快相关教学方法的改进与教学条件的改善步伐。
3.毕业论文的体裁和形式多样化。
毕业论文体裁可以多样化,充分体现学生的实践能力和专业特点,体裁不仅局限于传统的学术论文,而且可以将其拓展为商务实用文书的撰写和商务情景的模拟。前者包括标书的撰写、市场调查报告、广告策划、营销方案等,后者包括商务谈判、国际会展、商务洽谈、产品推荐会情景模拟等。毕业论文的各种体裁和形式均采用团队协作的模式,使学生能够各尽所长、发挥集体的智慧。
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[中图分类号]H193.6[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1672-8610(2016)01-0132-03
本科毕业论文是实现本科培养目标要求的重要教学环节,也是检验学生综合素质与实践能力培养效果的手段,还是评价学校教育质量和办学水平的重要标尺。独立学院作为我国高等学校本科办学模式的新生力量,主要以培养素质高、能力强、会创新、能创业的高级应用型人才为目标。毕业论文反映独立学院内涵建设的水平,关系学校的办学声誉和可持续发展。
一、问题的提出与研究现状
目前,我国高校大部分独立学院都以“应用型”作为人才培养主要目标之一,课程设置方面也在一定程度上做出了与母体学校相区别的设置,但在毕业论文这一环节却多半没有明显的区分度,尤其是文科语言类的专业,依然以撰写学术论文的形式存在。学习过程中侧重实践与应用,但在毕业论文环节又绕回到了重理论与学术研究的状态,此种矛盾不仅困扰了众多的学生,也令许多论文指导老师一筹莫展。学生在撰写毕业论文的过程中困难重重,较常见的问题有:科研经验不足、科研兴趣偏低、选题困难、难以创新等。论文指导老师抱怨较多的方面则是:学生逻辑论证能力差、阅读量太少、科研语言表达能力欠缺、学术论文格式规范度不高、畏难情绪严重、主动性不够等。从师生两方面反映的困难不难看出,诸多问题的存在与课程设置、学习过程中缺乏与撰写学术论文相应的支撑有密切关系。也可以理解为:毕业论文的撰写形式与培养过程中重实践与应用的模式不匹配。为此,相继有学者对独立学院的本科毕业论文改革展开研究。在知网的搜索显示,关于本科毕业论文改革的文章,以“独立学院毕业论文”为关键词的论文有22篇,时间段集中在2008年至2014年,平均每年为3.6篇。而以“独立学院英语专业毕业论文”为关键词的有关论文为3篇,研究角度集中在写作过程调查、问题与对策等方面。有青年学者提出以配音讲解作品替代学术论文的做法。[1]147-150也有学者认为毕业论文要与社会接轨。[2]123甚至还有学者对毕业论文与实习和就业一体化模式进行了探讨,主张毕业论文的选题与学生实习、就业紧密相关外,还提出学生可用外语类职业资格证书、国家级竞赛获奖证书等方式申请免撰写毕业论文。[3]99-102与此相对应的,公立院校针对本科毕业论文改革进行研究的论文则高达上万篇,时间也要久远得多,有专门针对理工科专业的,如《电子信息专业本科毕业论文改革实践》[4]84-87,也有专门针对文科专业的,如《毕业论文改革:高校新闻本科教育改革的切入点》。[5]110-112姑且不论独立学院是20世纪80年代的新生事物,但相关研究论文绝对量较少,是否就意味着独立学院毕业论文改革的重要性偏低,必要性不具备呢?答案是否定的。课题小组以南国商学院英语类本科专业2013届、2014届和2015届连续三届毕业生为研究对象开展的重点校级课题中所采集的有关数据显示:应用型本科学生的毕业论文改革势在必行。
二、项目研究设计
本课题的目的在于结合学校英语类本科专业毕业论文的现实情况,提出改革的方案,进行改革实践,推动独立学院本科毕业论文科学发展。据此,特拟定了如下研究内容:一是审视学校的人才培养模式和培养目标,究其是否与经济社会的发展需求相吻合;二是考察本专业的人才培养方案,看其中的课程设置是否与学生必须具备的知识结构和能力结构相冲突。三是采取试验实践的方法,了解学生对其他形式的毕业设计是否感兴趣,具体做法包括:引导学生在大学期间积极写作,争取在省级及以上刊物公开;鼓励翻译专业的学生从事翻译实践并撰写翻译体会;提倡商务英语专业的学生开展市场调查并撰写调研报告;帮助英语专业的学生从事跨文化比较研究。
三、项目研究过程与研究结果
本课题研究的过程是通过审视学校人才培养方案和培养目标、考察专业人才培养方案和开展为期三年的试验实践的方式进行,最终通过分析试验和调查问卷数据,得出研究的结果。
(一)研究过程
1.审视学校人才培养方案和培养目标。审视学校的人才培养模式和培养目标,究其是否与经济社会的发展需求相吻合。学校以“通基础、精专业、强外语、重实践”为人才培养模式,致力于培养“应用型、复合型、外向型”人才。可见,在培养模式和培养目标方面总体上符合地区经济社会发展对独立学院人才培养的期望。2.考察专业人才培养方案。考察本专业的人才培养方案,看其中的课程设置是否与学生必须具备的知识结构和能力结构相冲突。2013届的英语专业人才培养方案中,在三年级之前阅读和写作课程分别开设了两个学期,之后再无写作课程。也就是课程设置中并无有关学术论文写作的课程,但学生毕业之时要求撰写毕业论文。2014届和2015届的人才培养方案中,阅读和写作课程依然在低年级各开设了两个学期,但在三年级第二学期均开设了文献检索与论文写作课程。这意味着学生刚开始学习如何撰写学术论文就要开始撰写毕业论文了。此外,学校本科毕业论文(设计)工作管理办法中明确规定了论文指导老师的职责和毕业论文的格式等主要内容,可以理解为撰写学术论文是完成毕业论文的唯一形式。显然,专业人才培养方案中的课程设置与毕业检测形式不匹配,与应用型人才的培养目标不一致。3.开展毕业论文改革实践。针对人才培养方案的不足,在毕业论文论文撰写阶段采取试验实践的方法,帮助学生开展不同形式的论文撰写,突出实践性和应用性。一是引导学生在大学期间积极写作,争取在省级及以上刊物公开。凡是在本学科省级(含以上)刊物发表文章、译文的,且文章字数与毕业论文字数相当(约5000字),无论文章使用的语言是中文还是英文,只要在答辩前出刊,均可直接参与全英文答辩。选择公开的同学在开题时填写《本科毕业设计计划书》,内容要素与毕业论文开题报告书有较大不同,内容有“拟撰写字数”、“论文内容概要”、“拟发表刊物等级”和“进程安排”等方面。计划书通过后,在论文指导老师的引导下,完成论文的撰写与发表,最后经学院学术委员会审定能达到毕业论文要求的,允许参与答辩。二是鼓励翻译专业的学生从事翻译实践并撰写翻译体会。翻译专业的人才培养目标是培养能熟练使用翻译工具,能够胜任不同文体文本的笔译、口译工作的应用型高级专门人才。由此可见,翻译是毕业生必备的技能,鼓励学生从事翻译实践无疑具有很强的职业预备性。翻译资料的方式可以是中译英,也可以是英译中,原始翻译资料的总字数需达到3000字以上。译文被公司采纳的学生,需结合翻译实践撰写2000字左右的全英文论述文章,经论文指导老师审定合格后,可以凭借书面的采纳证明申请参与全英文答辩,答辩时还需提供翻译原件和译稿。选择从事翻译实践的同学在开题时填写《本科毕业设计计划书》,计划书的内容要素有翻译类型选择“英译中/中译英”、翻译字数选择“1500字汉译英+1500字英译汉/3000字汉译英/3000字英译汉”、“拟翻译的内容概要”和“翻译公司的相关信息”(需提供相关证明材料)。三是提倡商务英语专业的学生开展市场调查并撰写调研报告。商务英语专业的人才培养目标是培养能在国际环境中熟练使用英语从事经贸、管理、金融等领域商务工作的应用型高级专门人才。而近年来对毕业生就业开展的跟踪调查表明:有相当一部分毕业生会从事与市场有关的工作。因此本项目提倡学生结合专业实习撰写有关的调研文章或论述文章,且字数、文章质量与毕业论文相当时,经审定能达到毕业论文要求的,视为完成毕业论文,最后参与全英文答辩。在此过程中,选择撰写调研报告的同学在开题时填写《本科毕业论文(设计)开题报告》,与撰写普通学术论文相同,但要求学生通过制定调查问卷,收集下翔实的数据,文中就调查问卷所取得的数据进行统计分析,得出相关结论,且调查问卷需附在正文之后,供答辩小组成员参考。四是帮助英语专业的学生从事跨文化比较研究。根据人才培养方案的要求,英语专业的学生需具有较强的英语语言运用能力和跨文化交际能力,因此,通过适度的问卷调查从事跨文化比较研究也是比较贴近实际、提升学生语言运用能力的手段之一。对三届毕业生的选题进行分析发现,在导师的指导下,大量学生从事跨文化比较研究,类似的选题如:《英汉广告幽默文化对比》《中美灾难文化价值观异同》《中美商务谈判文化风格差异对比》和《中美企业文化差异对比》等。事实上,这些选题被学生认为易于撰写,并且完成得较好。五是告知学生还可用反映本科毕业研究水平的其他形式替代毕业论文的撰写。其他与专业相关的创新设计,字数、质量与毕业论文相当,经审定达到毕业论文要求的形式均可由学生开展。如与在省级(含以上)刊物公开相当的有主持或者参与省级大学生创新项目;与参与翻译实践相当的有参加省级(含以上)口、笔译大赛并获奖;通过国家级职业资格证书考试等等。视具体情况,由学生提出申请,学院学术委员会讨论通过,经审定合格的,均可视为达到毕业论文的水平。
(二)研究结果
1.改革实践数据统计。2013级305名毕业生中,有4人参与了翻译实践,占毕业人数的1.3%。2014届200名毕业生中,共有42人参与毕业论文改革实践。其中7人在公开刊物,占毕业人数的3.5%;35人从事翻译实践,占毕业人数的17.5%。参与毕业论文改革实践的学生总体比例为21%。2015届290名毕业生中,共有66人参与毕业论文改革实践,其中2人在公开刊物上发表文章,占毕业人数的0.6%,51人从事翻译实践,占毕业人数的17.6%,15人进行调查研究,占毕业人数的5%,参与毕业论文改革实践的学生总体比例为23.3%。三年的数据表明,参与毕业论文改革实践的学生绝对人数及比例呈逐年上升趋势。2.问卷调查数据分析。由于2015届为学院迄今为止毕业生人数较多、参与毕业论文改革人数最多的年级,故选择作为本次问卷调查的对象。问卷以不定项选择题和开放式问答题的形式,就“独立学院的大学生有无必要完成毕业论文?”,“毕业论文撰写方面遇到何种问题?”,以及“最希望以何种形式完成毕业论文?”等十项内容进行调查。经过对调查问卷收集的数据进行分析发现:学生普遍承认完成毕业论文是必要的、的确有利于综合素质的培养、也有利于科研能力的提升,并且对于英语表达能力的培养也有明显帮助;但资料贫乏、科研经验不足、语言表达跟不上和难以创新凸显了教学与检测的不对接。绝大部分学生认为现有的毕业论文形式的确需要进行改革,要实现教学内容与毕业检测的全面对接;有学生认为实践能力远比科研能力重要,学校需要对所开的专业课程进行相应改变以对接毕业论文改革。且不论学生看问题有无偏颇,从对人才培养方案的考察来看,学生要求教学内容与毕业检测对接的要求无疑是正确的。3.有待解决的问题。研究中反馈的问题包括三个方面:第一,在省级(含以上)刊物公开的学生均是使用中文撰写,虽然答辩时使用的是英文,但并不能完全说明其使用英文撰写毕业论文的能力也达到了相应的水平。是否要求学生在省级(含以上)刊物发表全英文的文章还有待进一步商榷。第二,根据论文指导老师的反馈,从事翻译实践的同学所翻译的译文初稿水平并不能达到相应要求,都需要指导老师的大力修改方能达到公司期望的水准。虽说在反复修改的过程中,学生的翻译能力也会因此而提高,但指导老师认为译稿的最终水平并非学生真实翻译能力的体现。如果委托公司借此聘用学生担任正式的翻译,日后在无教师指导下的翻译水平能否保证还有待考证。第三,暂时还未对反映本科毕业研究水平的其他形式进行实践研究,也没有学生提出相关置换申请。课题组成员认为,毕业检测的形式应该没有穷尽。从研究的结果中发现,对于以“应用型”作为人才培养主要目标之一的独立学院的英语类专业学生而言,虽然更看重自身实践能力的培养,但恰当的科研对于提高其综合的语言能力和研究能力有着不可或缺的作用。有关教学与检测对接问题的探索,不仅需要在课程设置方面开展研究,也需要在毕业论文的撰写形式方面积极改革,更需要对不同形式的毕业检测进行利弊分析,力争使教学过程与教学检测相一致,理论学习与实践应用相一致,在校学习与求职就业相一致,最终实现毕业论文撰写形式多样化、方式合理化、效果显著化的目标,提高独立学院的本科人才培养质量。
【参考文献】
[1]郭庆,黄运婷.英语专业本科毕业论文改革的研究与实践[J].太原师范学院学报(社会科学版),2013(3).
[2]奚道同,等.民办高校毕业论文(设计)改革方向研究[J].山西财经大学学报,2013,35(1).
[3]王淼.独立学院英语专业本科毕业论文、实习、就业一体化模式探索[J].海外英语,2014(6).
一、引言
毕业论文在英语专业人才培养过程中起着至关重要的作用。《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》强调,“毕业论文是考察学生综合能力、评估学业成绩的一个重要方式。”[1]11教育部“关于加强普通高等学校毕业设计(论文)工作的通知”(教高厅[2014]14号)也指出,“毕业论文是培养大学生的创新能力、实践能力和创业精神的重要实践环节,也是学生毕业与学位资格认证的重要依据。”因此,“各校要加强对学生撰写毕业论文的指导和评审,使之对学生真正有所裨益,防止流于形式。”[1]11应用型本科院校以应用型人才培养为目标,为毕业论文选题和写作提供了明确的导向。教育部2012年的《本科教学水平合格评估标准》进一步指出,文科专业的毕业论文要有50%左右的选题与实践性、应用性挂钩,该标准为应用型本科院校的毕业论文提出了具体的指标。本文以滨州学院英语专业2014—2016届的毕业论文为研究对象,系统分析毕业论文中存在的问题,并提出相应对策,以提升应用型人才培养目标下英语专业毕业论文质量。
二、存在的问题
《大纲》规定“毕业论文一般应用英语撰写,长度为3000~5000个单词,要求文字通顺、思路清晰、内容充实,有一定的独立见解。评分时除了考虑语言表达能力外,还应把独立见解和创新意识作为重要依据。”[1]11笔者以此为标准,对英语专业2014—2016届的毕业论文进行系统分析,发现主要存在以下问题:
(一)论文选题不当,缺乏新意,应用性不强毕业论文选题要适中,最好能够做到“小题大做”,而部分论文选题过大过泛,没有研究焦点,根本无法完成,如“莎士比亚诗歌研究”;选题不能紧跟本专业研究前沿,过于陈旧,缺乏新意,如对颜色词的研究、英语习语跨文化比较等;有些选题与英语专业没有密切关系,相差甚远,如“中美婚姻观的比较”;有些选题未达到严格意义上“一人一题,不得重题”的要求,如“任务型教学法在初中英语词汇教学中的应用”和“任务型教学法在高中英语词汇教学中的应用”;实践性和应用性的选题比例不高,与50%的目标存在一定的差距。
(二)写作基本功不扎实,语言表达能力不够强毕业论文写作属于学术论文写作,需要较扎实的写作基本功和较高的语言表达能力,而大多数毕业论文在语言表达上都存在这样那样的问题,主要体现在专业术语不准确,书面语和口语混合使用,文字不通顺、表达不准确,汉式英语较多,串句、主谓不一致、结构不完整、悬垂现象、搭配错误等语法错误时有出现,甚至还有单词拼写错误、首字母大小写错误等细节问题。
(三)论文思路不清,逻辑混乱,思辨缺席毕业论文是学生围绕研究问题形成的一个立论正确、结构合理、思路清晰、逻辑性强、论证合理的语篇,而多数毕业论文思路不清、逻辑混乱、结构松散、论点不清、论证乏力,思辨缺席现象较为严重。黄源深指出思辨缺席对毕业论文的影响,“在二三十篇论文中难得有一两篇像样的,大多数论文都有这样那样的问题,往往论文的题目就暴露出很多思维上的负面信息。”[2]12
(四)体例不够统一,格式不够规范毕业论文属于正式文体,需要按照规定的体例和规范撰写,以显示其严谨性和规范性。有些学生没有意识到体例和格式的重要性,不注重论文写作规范,随心所欲地撰写,体例和格式较为混乱,主要体现在参考书目没有按照学校规定的APA格式撰写,文内引文格式混用,标题首字母大小写不恰当,字体、字号、行间距不符合规范,中英文标点符号混用等方面。
三、对策
(一)加强毕业论文选题指导,增设专业选修课程,建设论文选题库,多渠道拓宽选题范围。英语专业选题范围较广,主要包括语言学、文学、文化、教学、跨文化交际和翻译等方面,指导教师应该加强选题指导,避免题目过大、过泛和过旧。增设专业选修课程,扩宽学生视野,便于学生扩宽选题范围。另外,可以根据历年选题情况,结合指导教师专业特长,建设毕业论文选题库,供学生选题参考。最为重要的是,可将毕业论文选题与指导教师承担的各类教科研项目、毕业实习、大学生研究训练项目、大学生创业计划和大学生学科竞赛等相结合,更好地体现毕业论文的应用性和实践性。
(二)改革和完善专业课程体系,建设毕业论文课程群,做到英语写作四年不断线,夯实学生写作基本功。语言表达能力是英语专业学生的基本能力。庄智象曾指出,“既然称之为英语专业,那么对学生的英语语言能力方面应该有更高的要求。我认为这是英语专业学生基本的、首要的要求,怎么强调都不为过,而目前更显得必要。”[3]216而英语写作能力的培养绝非一朝一夕之事,是个循序渐进的过程,仅靠“学术论文写作”这门课程远远不够,需要调整专业课程体系,建设毕业论文课程群(包括英语基础写作、英语高级写作、英语语法、英语修辞和学术论文写作等课程),做到英语写作四年不断线,夯实学生写作基本功,提高学生语言表达能力,为能够写出高质量的毕业论文打下坚实的语言基础。
(三)注重培养学生的思辨能力,增强学生的创新意识,不断加强学生思维能力和创新能力的培养。钱宁指出,“我国高校英语专业本科生毕业论文写作中存在的根本问题之一在于学生的思维方式不合理。”[4]103因此,方琼强调“高校英语专业应重视学生思辨能力的培养,将其放在和传授知识、培养技能同等重要的位置。”[5]91要培养和提高学生的思辨能力,应该调整英语专业的课程结构,增加英语演讲、英语辩论等课程;任课教师应该更新教学理念,改变教学方法,课内加强逻辑思维训练;坚持“本科生导师制”,鼓励学生参与教师科研项目,高质量撰写学年论文,增强学生的科研意识,提高学生分析问题和解决问题的能力;另外,鼓励和支持学生参加英语沙龙、专题讨论和英语演讲、英语辩论、英语写作等各类学科竞赛,增强学生的创新意识,不断培养学生的思维能力和创新能力。
(四)加强论文指导教师队伍建设,强化过程管理,确保毕业论文的质量。毕业论文质量是学生专业水平和创新能力的体现,更是指导教师学术视野和学术水平的体现,所以《高等学校毕业设计(论文)指导手册(外语卷)》指出,“高校外语专业的毕业论文写作是衡量、评估高校外语专业教学质量和水平的重要内容之一。”[6]3论文指导教师的水平直接影响到毕业论文的质量,应遴选具有丰富科研经验和实际指导经验的教师担任指导教师,加强对学生文献检索与搜集、选题、开题答辩、初稿、二稿、定稿和毕业答辩各个环节的指导,尤其是文献检索与搜集、研究方法、数据统计和数据分析方面的指导,强化论文写作过程的动态管理,确保毕业论文质量。另外,还需要规范毕业论文管理制度,优化毕业论文管理流程,健全毕业论文管理方式,提高毕业论文工作效率。毕业论文教材建设也是指导教师需要考虑的问题。张春芳曾指出,“英语毕业论文写作教材建设有待加强,目前国内关于学术论文(包括毕业论文)写作的中英文编著至少有20部,但是教师们仍然抱怨难以选到合适的教材。因此,指导教师要以应用型人才培养为导向,结合本校毕业论文的相关规定,编写符合专业特点、操作性和实践性强的毕业论文教材。
四、结语
毕业论文是英语专业人才培养的重要组成部分,而应用型人才培养为英语专业毕业论文提出了更高的要求。本文以滨州学院为例,探讨了应用型本科院校英语专业毕业论文存在的问题,主要体现在论文选题、语言表达、思辨能力和格式规范四个方面,并针对这些问题提出了相应的对策,以期为应用型本科院校英语专业毕业论文工作提供参考,实现应用型英语人才培养目标。
参考文献:
[1]高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组.高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲[Z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.
[2]黄源深.英语专业课程必须彻底改革—再谈“思辨缺席”[J].外语界,2010,(1):11-16.
[3]庄智象.外语教育名家谈[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2008.
[4]钱宁.浅析高校加强思维训练的重要性—以英语专业毕业论文写作为例[J].西北成人教育学报,2014,(4):100-103.
[5]方琼.英语专业本科生毕业论文中的思辨缺席[J].湖北第二师范学院学报,2013,(12):90-92.
中图分类号:G642.0 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1674-9324(2013)22-0196-03
长期以来英语教学的目标和方法一直是我国大学英语,尤其是专业英语教学所探讨的一个问题。多年以来的应试教育已经给受教育者留下了难以学以致用的问题。不少人拿到四、六级证书依然不能跟外国人交流,不能用英文写作,成了一个语言的拿证者却无法动笔动嘴的“人才”(林莉兰,2006)!已有一些从事英语教学与教育的工作者专门讨论过这方面的问题(田强等,2006;王晓军,2005;张翼翼,2006;贾国栋,2006;周爽等2006)。本文根据我院这几年来在专业英语和专业课双语教学的教学实践,尤其是让工科本科生用英语进行毕业论文写作和进行论文答辩的实践教学尝试,从英语教学延伸和应用的实效性角度探讨了如何检验大学英语教学的效果,如何确定英语教学目标,以及实现这种目标的方法。我们中国地质大学(北京)能源学院一直在专业英语和双语教学的手段和实效性方面进行着探讨。2004年我院获得了学校在“工科教学基地”项目上的资助。为配合国家在石油领域“走出去”的可持续发展战略、培养具有英语实用水平的工科本科毕业生也成了我院教学工作的一个重要任务和目标。我们利用我院大部分教师都有在国外留学、进修和培训方面的经历这个优势,积极开展了密切结合专业的专业英语和双语教学的教学实践。我们鼓励用先进的教学理念进行大胆实践,积累教学经验。在2006届部分工科毕业生中让部分同学用英语进行论文写作和答辩,通过导师的指导,试图将其作为专业英语和双语教学在专业实践方面的延伸。这样做,一方面是希望通过用英语进行论文的撰写和答辩提高同学们英文应用水平,另一方面也为同学们毕业后进入企业或科研岗位、甚至走出国门打下良好的基础。在这次试点中我们在我院资源勘查工程和石油工程两个专业选取了几名优秀学生,从毕业论文写作到答辩全程采用英语。这对学生提出了比较高的要求,要求学生比较熟练或基本掌握专业英语的语法、专业词汇、写作技巧和写作规范等多方面的知识。当然,表达能力也能在答辩的过程中得到充实和提高,对话能力在提问过程中也能实践、发挥和检验。从论文写作和答辩的结果来看,这次尝试是成功的。这几名同学论文的写作用词和语法正确,论文宣读及回答问题都比较清晰流利。同学们和指导教师都从中受到了鼓舞,说明我院的专业英语和双语教学取得了明显的成效。归纳起来,这几年来我们在专业英语和双语教学实践中做法、尝试以及同学们的反馈包括以下几个方面。
一、专业英语和双语课教材
在我院的专业英语和专业课“双语教学”实践中,学院要求在国际通用性的专业课方面应尽量使用外文原版教材,采取多种方式使用外文教材。如专业英语课在教材选用上的做法是从国外的原版教科书上找到适合同学英文能力的相关文章进行讲授;环境地质学和现代试井分析双语课使用了原版的英文教材。
二、授课方法
专业英语授课过程中不是满堂灌,而是让同学自己阅读翻译和讲解,一方面可以检测同学是否预习,另一方面发现同学们在哪些方面存在理解有误的地方,再有重点、有针对性地进行讲解。这种方法效果较好,既激发了同学们学习专业英语的兴趣,同时也在实践中提升和改进了我们的专业英语教学法。在环境地质学和油藏工程这两门课双语教学中,老师以中文和英文交叉、结合进行综合讲解,让所有同学参与到教学中来。让同学们上台用英语讲解自己的观点和见解,大家对一些有争议的问题共同用英语讨论,共同学习。在实践过程中帮助同学们克服了在众人面前讲英语的恐惧心理。在交流沟通过程中英语听说能力得到了提高。这种教学过程是实践“课堂教学应以学生为中心”的教学理念的有效形式。
三、双语课在提高学生学习英语兴趣和水平中的作用
有的同学说,起初对双语教学就有几分好奇,而在刚接触到双语教学课程时,没想到却有些不适应,在经过一段时间的学习之后,发现双语教学比一般的外语教学更能激发兴趣,至少与普通外语教学相比是这样的。双语教学在我院还正在全面展开,可以说现阶段还是处在尝试阶段,但我们确实能体会到它的可行性、有效性和必要性。有的同学还说,大学四年的学业已结束,总感觉以前的外语课还没能使我们的听说读写能力加强多少,反倒是在接受过双语教学之后,发现自己的外语水平有很大提高,课堂上的师生互动使我们敢于用英语和他人进行交流。
四、用英文进行毕业论文写作的作用
用英文进行毕业论文写作能让学生更多的掌握英语的实用知识,可以提高学生学习英语的积极性。与普通的英语学习不同,毕业设计关乎学生的学士学位,学生对它的重视程度会大大提高,特别是专业英语知识。用英文进行毕业论文写作涉及到英语知识的方方面面,从单词的词义到句法的运用,再到成篇构思甚至语言的概括表达。写作的过程就是英语知识的再现和学习效果的过程,也就是提高英语水平的实践过程。同学们说在毕业论文的外国文献翻译过程中,深刻地感受到了专业英语的重要性。尽管我国的科技水平提高得很快,但是在石油工程领域,我国的科技水平仍与国外的先进水平有一定的差距,所以,客观上要求同学们现在和以后不得不有直接阅读外文专业文献的能力,从国外先进的技术中找到我们需要的知识,为我们的国家服务。
五、用英语进行毕业论文答辩的作用
答辩材料的准备和台上的演讲,这些都需要较高的口语能力,经历了这次答辩,不仅提高了口语的表达能力,最重要的是同学们有了勇气去说出英语,这是最大的收获,也是同学们学习语言的最终目的――交流。用英语进行答辩的目标和过程对于提高学生交际能力和综合应用语言能力有重要意义。
六、专业英语与就业的关系
随着我国改革开放程度的不断加深,以及中国加入了世界贸易组织,大量的国外企业涌入中国投资,设立公司,而英语是国际公认的通用语言,因此需要大量双语人才。同学们已注意到在这一届的毕业生找工作的时间段内,越来越多的外国或外资企业也来到我们学校召开宣讲会,希望可以招聘到合适的有能力的毕业生加入他们的公司。招聘的第一道门槛就是英语能力,这恰恰是我们过去的软肋。还有石油领域的国有企业进军海外的石油开发项目越来越多,同样需要大量懂英语的大学毕业生。同学们说“既然这方面的缺口这么大,我们更应该提高我们的英语能力,这既是对市场需求的响应,同时使我们以后的就业前景更光明更广阔”。我们认为大学英语教学目标,不是过四、六级英语考试,而是“可以用英文进行毕业论文写作和答辩”。这个目标里面自然包含了“听、说”能力,并且体现了学生综合应用英语的能力。专业英语和专业课双语教学是实现这个教学目的的有效手段。实践中可对低年级同学较早提出这个目标来引起他们在思想上的重视,从而通过综合效应实现大学英语教学水平的提高。当然,目前还只是少数同学具备这样培养的条件。
鸣谢:本文在成文过程中得到了我校长宣教授的指点和帮助,深表谢意。
参考文献:
[1]林莉兰.大学英语口语教学刍议[J].中国高等教育,2006,(5).
[2]田强,李洁红,李小红.略论英语教育与几种基本教育概念的关系[J].科教论坛,2006,(1).
[3]田强.关于我国英语教育的“应试教育”模式的反思[J].科教论坛,2006,(1).
[4]王晓军.贯彻“大学英语课程教学要求”提高英语教学质量[J].中国地质教育,2005,(1).
1 毕业论文要求科学性
无论是自然科学还是社会规律,必须根据科学研究这个总的任务,对研究的对象进行探讨,揭示规律。是科学的,经得起推敲的,独到见解也是建立在科学的基础上的。必须从客观实际出发,从中引出符合实际的结论,不得带有个人的好恶和偏见。在论据上作者必须经过周密的观察、实验或者阅读、思考。
2 毕业论文要求创见性
科学研究的任务是对新的知识的探求,在综合别人研究的成果的基础上去发现别人没有发现过或者没有涉及过的问题。科学研究的任务本身就决定了它必须去探索规律,必须实事求是。科学研究本身又蕴涵了创见性,就是在综合别人研究成果的基础上去发现别人没有发现过或者没有涉及过的问题。要有独到的见解,要发现一个新的创见。
3 毕业论文要求专业性
我们不同专业领域里的毕业生可以根据自己平时的积累和爱好选择题目,基本上都是在自己的专业领域内。不要离开自己的专业去写别的跨专业的。
4 毕业论文要求通俗性
尽管我们要求论文的专业性,但语言要求通俗,这样便于传播和交流。
二、毕业论文的选题原则
1 要选择有科学价值的问题,要选择亟待解决的课题,减少选题的盲目性。
2 利用灵感来选题
看别人的评论过程中打开自己的思路,进行选题。在你看书、观察或思考的过程中,你会发现这个角度我可以深入下去。考虑选题的大小、难易度和利用自己的灵感思维来选题。
三、毕业论文的写作
1 围绕着论题去占有和选择材料。
首先要进行写作前的准备工作。先要围绕着论题去占有和选择材料。也就是说,当你的论题已经确定以后,围绕着立论去占有材料,多多益善的去看。积累材料,再有论点。要对研究对象的外延材料占有。在有材料的基础上要选择材料。材料多的情况下,你就选更好的材料。
2 选择论文的类型
毕业论文的类型一是学术性论文,二是报告性论文。应用性比较少的科目来说比较容易做成学术型论文,应用性比较强的学科,论文一般写成调查性的或总结性的报告型论文。论文类型的选择,主要是看论文的对象。如果是宏观的,我们就用综述性的描述:如果是微观的,涉及到某一个具体作家作品或某一个问题,我们就选择论述性的。
3 要拟订论文的写作提纲
如果没有完整的写作提纲的话,逻辑思维就会出现偏差。把一个个提纲罗列出来,罗列出来以后看一下,总论点是什么,分论点是什么,围绕着总论点有几个分论点,分论点列出来了以后,一定要注意以纲带目。提纲、材料等出来以后,就可以进行论文写作了。
4 开始写论文的时候,要注意标题拟制
论文的标题拟制,一般是两个标题。如果是一个标题不太容易驾驭。一个标题往往是比较宏观一些。当然也可以用正标题来表示论题的观点,副标题表示研究的对象。题目拟制好了以后,论文还要注意要写摘要,把整个论文的主要内容说一下。在论文的扉页上,先是题目,题目下面是摘要。论文提要主要交代清楚选题的背景、理由,论文的观点和价值,简明扼要的揭示出来,便于读者(主要是导师、评委、编辑等)即使不阅读全文就可以获得最重要的信息。一般宇数不超过全文的5%.在摘要下面要有关键词。关键词把论文的主要观点用3到5个词提取出来。
5 论文的格式
论文的规格:正文长度800-2,000单词。使用的语言:英语论文正文部分:
(1)题目大写,三号字,新时代罗马宇,大写下面可写一个附标题,4号字;
(2)作者名,5号字,班级,学号
(3)指导教师名,5号字,职称
(4)摘要:300字左右,5号字,英文一页,中文一页
(5)关键词:不能用专有名词,词与词之间空四格,不加标点符号
(6)正文:用5号字,大部分标题用5号字黑体、小部分、小小部分。大部分用罗马字,小不分用一般数字符号。
(7)参考文献(Bibliog raphy):先英文,后中文,作者名,文章名,书刊名,出版社,地点,出版年月,
6 毕业论文质量标准
(1)选题恰当、与毕业生的知识水平与认识能力相当:
(2)内容丰富、资料翔实、论证充分有力.
(3)叙述清楚、层次清晰而丰富,